FORMATION OF URBAN GREEN AREAS

The Significance of Landscape Art in the City According to the Results of the Target Survey

2018-08-07T17:10:34+08:00

The article reviews and analyzes the importance of landscape architecture objects in the structure of the city. The research was conducted and the article was prepared based on a survey of participants at the Rietavas Professional Workshop in 2016. The article presents the results and conclusions of the analysis of opinions produced by three groups of respondents (architects, landscape architects and other professions) on the importance of the elements of urban landscape in the spatial structures of the city, of streets and neighborhoods, as well as on the concept of creative field of landscape architecture.

Eugène Hénard (1849–1923) – the Author of Paris Transformation Study and a Creator of the City of Future

2018-08-07T17:11:40+08:00

This article provides a review of the activity and creativity of the French architect and urban planner Eugène Hénard (1849–1923). The development of his ideas and tradition continues today. The article focuses on the architectural landscape of objects and patterns of urban development experience, a study on transformation of Paris city (1903–1909) and its theoretical and practical aspects, the knowledge of which is significant in terms of the continuity of history and experience of urban landscape architecture, academic education, and study program.

Pulawy Park of Princess Isabelle Czartoryska (Izabela z Flemingow, 1746–1835) – a Case Study

2018-08-07T17:13:01+08:00

The creation story of the famous Polish park in Pulawy (Polish Puławy) is under consideration, and the artistic analysis is presented in this article. These theoretical and practical aspects, knowledge of which is significant in terms of the continuity of history and experience of urban landscape architecture, academic education, and study programme are highlighted.

Design Limitations for Riversides Areas. A "Marina" Project on the Warta River

2018-08-08T14:49:33+08:00

The theme of this work is the presentation of the concept showing group of the buildings with the center for water sports visitors. The whole project has been divided into 2 points whose location is closely connected with the Warta River. It is a part of the tourist route running through the Zaleczanski Landscape Reserve. This is an area with much natural beauty, which is one of the major tourist destinations in and around the town of Kępowizna. In this section there is also the longest stretch section of the Warta River, prepared in a natural way for any water sports. A large number of visitors, the surrounding nature, numerous trails and water activities possibilities and biking were among the main factors that determined the topic and location of this work.

Revitalization of Degraded Urban Space of the Town in the Context of Biologically Active Space – the Architect's Points of View

2018-08-07T17:21:59+08:00

Greenery is an important element of urban content. Its importance was noticed and taken into account during the implementation of many urban revitalization projects around the world. The revitalization of degraded areas through the revival of their by greenery is not only consistent with the policy of sustainable development, but is a contribution to the revival of public space, thus raising its value on the socio-economic level.

Urban areas are degraded mainly due to the natural effect of industrial restructuring in all countries. Economic transformations have left the European countries with a heavy burden of degraded areas and with the weakened market capacity to 'recycle' them and use them for other purposes. Revitalization of these areas is important for local development, but also refers to social and environmental issues, especially in regions with high unemployment rates. This situation is a serious problem that affects the competitiveness of cities. Degraded areas have not only a negative impact on the image of a given space, but also become a good place for the development of negative social phenomena, in extreme cases even criminogenic. The balance of a complex, multi-layered system that is public space is shaken in such circumstances.

Through skillfully conducted comprehensive analyzes, architects acquire knowledge allowing them to propose a revitalization project that, by showing the values of a given place, is able to convince the investor to become interested in a given space and to heal the urban tissue.

Investors should be offered a solution that reconciles their requirements with the needs of the local community. The solution corresponds with the whole urban layout, smoothly cooperating with it and fits into the socio-historical-cultural context. New urban quality should be proposed as a response to the existing situation.

In the case of revitalization with greenery, a large part of the concepts presented by architects has a significant impact on changing the perception of a certain urban space, its character and quality of life of people living in the area. Most often in cases of post-industrial areas, they change their character significantly through the introduction of greenery and enter into a dialogue with the past of the place.

The very attempt to define, let alone create ideal living conditions, is not an easy task. Such a place should provide not only safe and comfortable living conditions, but also create a common space, allowing for the creation and strengthening of social ties, conducive to the emergence of a sense of local identity, but also friendly to outsiders. The city, which is revitalized with green areas, is able to approach the above-mentioned ideals due to the softening value of greenery and the possibility of creating zones affecting positively the well-being of people and the socialization of residents.

The following study contains examples of various attempts to heal degraded spaces, using the resources of green areas.

The Form of the Objects Presenting Vegetation as an Element of Urban Development on the Example of a Greenhouse Design in the Wroclaw's Botanical Garden

2018-08-07T17:28:35+08:00

The issue of the palm house or arboretum project in the botanical garden in Wroclaw was directly connected with the need to implement this function for the time, when Wroclaw fulfilled the honorable function of "Wroclaw – a city of meetings " and in 2016 "Wroclaw – a European city of culture".

Existing Wroclaw's botanical garden is an area with much natural beauty, which is one of the major tourist destinations in the town. A large number of visitors, the surrounding nature, numerous trails and water contact possibilities were among the main factors that determined the topic and location of this work.

The aim of this article is the presentation of the discussion on the subject of form of the buildings presenting vegetation in the botanical gardens. During the discussion, I will try to prove correctness of the choice of the amorphous form about the sense of maintaining the form over the function in the case of botanical gardens, or introducing the form as the superior, further defined it as a symbol of the function designed inside of the object.

Current State of Ornamental Plants’ Market in Ukraine

2018-08-07T17:40:31+08:00

Ukrainian market of ornamental plants is on the way of development. The aim of the article is examination of such features as structure and volume of both own production and import, determination of main supplier countries, the structure of expenses for growing seedlings. The value of imported products in 2013–2015 by six categories (bulbs / tubers in the bloom phase, rhododendrons and azaleas, roses, indoor plants, cut flowers) and own products by four categories (seedlings of flowers, bulbs / tubers, flowering plants, ornamental deciduous and coniferous plants, cut flowers), were defined. Garden centers are the main channel for sale bareroot plants (35 %), and online stores for containerized plants (30 %). Salary and heating amount 80 % of production costs of potted flowers. Perspective directions for enterprises development are improving energy efficiency, introduction of automated equipment and diversification of plant products.

Spatial Structure of Supraśl from 19th Century in its Contemporary Resort Landscape

2018-08-07T17:50:25+08:00

Supraśl is a small town in north-eastern part of Poland. Manufacturing Suprasl was set up on the idea of Wilhelm Zachetr in the first part of the19^th century. The manufacturer gave it organized, classical urban character with public spaces and green ones. In this article we describe modernizations and supplements done in the spaces and the buildings in the context of historical structure of Suprasl. Also show the characteristics of this historical and manufacturing town which are its touristic and spa parts.

Ecological Aspect in the Concept of Urban Acupuncture

2018-08-07T18:00:43+08:00

The article deals with contemporary social-ecological concept of urban acupuncture, which proposes small-scale low-cost catalyzing interventions for solving entrenched social and ecological problems of urban environment and changing the wider urban contexts. The work introduces the above-mentioned concept highlighting and illustrating its ecological aspect using the examples designed and implemented in different urban spaces by the French landscape architecture company Wagon Landscaping.

Hangzhou Historical Gardens–Parks Composition Features

2018-08-07T18:10:27+08:00

Historical gardens and parks are just one of the most important manifestations of the aesthetics, philosophy and lifestyle of subtle cultures in the Eastern cultures. In the Chinese concept, the function of a garden is simple – to improve the quality of life, to help balance the spiritual and material life, to experience harmony. On October 19, 2017 – November 4, 2017, the author of this paper, Petras Grecevičius, did his internship in China's Hangzhou and Shanghai cities. During the internship, studies on historic classic gardens and other landscape architectural objects were performed, the space structure, plant composition features, plant relationship with building architecture, objects of small architecture were analyzed. We were looking for links with Korean and Japanese historic gardens–parks, and also looked for the origins of the parks of angels. This article presents the study of visitor activity in historical gardens, trends in their current management, the features of plant compositions and the continuity of rich historical experience in contemporary urban space compositions. The main focus is on the planned structure and spatial analysis, gardens and parks in visual and functional relations with the urbanized areas and the lake area. This article provides summaries that may be useful not only for oriental garden designers in the Baltic region, but also for designing various landscape objects in Lithuanian farmsteads or urban spaces.

Aspects of Evaluation of Psycho-Emotional Landscape Impact for Visitors. Case of Botanical Garden of Klaipeda University

2018-08-07T18:47:52+08:00

The article deals with the most important landscape psychoemotic sensations that are exposed through images, scents and sounds. The psychological impact and importance of shaping the botanical garden space of Klaipeda University are discussed. The aim of the article is to reveal the possibilities of applying landscape psychoemotional senses through images, sounds and scents, to prove the positive psychological impact on a person, to analyze the researches and methods carried out by Lithuanian and foreign researchers, to apply sensory psychological possibilities to the botanical garden space of Klaipėda University.

Introduced Trees in Park-monument of Landscape Art in Poltava City

2018-08-07T18:56:11+08:00

The history of establishment of four park-monuments of landscape art in Poltava city – Korpusnyj Garden, Petrovsky Park, Poltava City Park, Park “Peremoga” were revealed and the dynamics of their species composition was outlined. The results of 19 non-native tree species researches in four parks of Poltava city are presented. Indicators of growth rate and reproduction intensity, stem quality, resistance to climatic factors, pests and diseases of non-native tree species are compared to native species. According to the results of the complex evaluations, the species are suitable for forest plantation, protective stands and green areas creation in temperate continental climate of Ukraine conditions.

Salicaria as a Modern Form of Mono Garden of Willows (Salix L.)

2018-08-07T20:10:25+08:00

Based on the analysis of the bioecological features of native and introduced species and cultivars of the genus Salix L., the project of mono garden of willows – salicaria was developed on the biostation of Bila Tserkva NAU. Salicaria is designed on an area of 50,400 m², consists of two parts – regular and landscape, which uses 53 species and cultivars of the genus Salix, represented by alleys, curtains, hedges, topiary and single trees and shrubs.

Phytophagous Insects Damaging Woody Greenery, Growing in the Urban Environment

2018-08-07T20:16:38+08:00

Investigation on woody urban greenery was carried on. The significant moth pests on woody greenery of urban areas are discussed. During the investigation period most observable pests were: Cameraria ohridella on horse-chestnut leaves, Phyllonorycter issikii on lime trees leaves, P. robiniella on robinia, Celypha siderana on Spiraea leaves and Gracillaria syringella on lilacs and wild privet. It is important that the proper assortments of plants would be chosen for the city greenery. These plants must be non attractive to the insects pests.

Partnership as a Tool of the Material Environment Design Formation in the Context of Education Process

2018-08-07T20:22:37+08:00

This paper explores the process of practical industrial product design education peculiarities at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, by examining it from Problem-Based Service-Learning (PBSL) perspectives. The author viewpoint is developed from conceptual idea to prototype and used as a basis for debate about the following question: How well does the design education prepare students for real practical activity? In fact, the historically dominant model in design education, which focuses mainly on vocational skills without real practical adaptation, is investigated. On one hand, the author observes that this model is still not suitable to provide designers with the critical skills and knowledge required for practical-based projects. On the other hand, the author identifies that traditional teaching can result in a procedural, technical and cognitive limitation. Equilibrating design-based skills with real practical-based skills is an interesting challenge for Industrial product design teachers. Discussion around PBSL method issues will be introduced in the case studies format and wider influence of real practical-based projects in industrial product design education. Additionally, we could study from similar case studies of vocational disciplines (such as Architecture or Design) that are moving towards a real practical-based approach to their education.

Research on Pest and Pathogen of green Plantings of Tbilisi, Georgia

2018-08-08T10:50:53+08:00

Environment protection is a very difficult and important problem and it covers many interconnected aspects. Among these aspects green planting management of a modern city is to be mentioned. Since green plantings are a sort of “lungs” of a city, therefore, especially today it is important to protect them from damage by pests and diseases. Our aim was to carry out a pathological research on green plantings of Tbilisi and to estimate a condition of the most common plants on this territory. With this end in view it was necessary to study the species composition of the pests (insects and diseases) on plants in Tbilisi plantings (parks, squares and roadside areas). The pathological monitoring of plants has been carried out in various districts of Tbilisi; visual observation has established that the plants of planes and box tree were the most damaged species. The detailed research also has revealed the pests: sycamore bug Corythucha ciliata and box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis. The bushes of box tree also were diseased by the phytopathogen organisms Volutella buxi and Alternaria alternata. Frequency of spread of plant pests and diseases, their pathological status, and condition have been studied.

Collecting and Using Rainwater to Improve Residential City Environment. The Case of Žardė Microdistrict

2018-08-08T10:58:04+08:00

In the urban environment the impervious surfaces that supplant natural spaces, shed water that causes storm water runoff. This water runoff is treated as a waste product and has to be eliminated from the urban environment as quickly as possible. In this case rainwater is removed from the landscape and also the esthetic qualities of rainwater are underestimated. This article analyses sustainable rainwater management systems, and how to create esthetically pleasing city environment using rainwater.

The Composition of Soil Microscopic Fungi in Different Tree Stands

2018-08-08T11:09:44+08:00

The study examined the abundance of microscopic fungi in the soil of 13 dendropark stands of local and alien tree species. Studies conducted in October 2017. Most abundant microscopic fungi were in the soil of black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.), eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the least one in white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and small-leaved linden(Tilia cordata L.) soil. In the soil of investigated stands, 18 genus of microscopic fungi were found, 16 genus of which belonged to Ascomycota section. The spread of Trichoderma fungi in the soil of individual stands, had negative influence on general abundance of microscopic fungi.

Prospects for Expanding the Assortment of Chrysanthemum Small-flowered in the Park-memorial of Landscape Art "Feofaniya"

2018-08-08T11:16:30+08:00

The work is devoted to the problem of enrichment diversity of cultural ornamental plants used in modern landscaping. The aim of the work was to create new selection samples of chrysanthemum small-flowered and their practical use in the territory of the park "Feofaniya". To increase the efficiency of shaping, the method of colchicine treatment of cuttings was used. The obtained selection forms were used to create ne

The Pinophyta Plants on the Landscapes of the "Alexandria" Park

2018-08-08T11:24:45+08:00

The article contains data on the time of appearance of the first introducents of coniferous plants in the park. The results of the inventory of the modern taxonomic composition of the Pinophyta section (95 species, 7 varieties, 245 cultivars) in the Alexandria arboretum, including 36 species and 13 cultivars, which grow in the park landscapes, are presented. A brief description is given (year of introduction, number of specimens, type of planting and methods of use). The estimation of their durability in local conditions and prospects of their use in green construction is given.

Autochthonous Medicinal Plant of Lithuania Usable to Care Respiratory Diseases

2018-08-08T11:34:36+08:00

Medicinal plants are grouped according to their remedial features, effect and relevance to cure a disease. The group of medicinal plants to cure respiratory diseases was analysed. Lithuanian researchers noted that 86 species could be used to cure these diseases, but in books by different Lithuanian researchers the numbers of plant species to cure respiratory diseases very differ – from 6 to 38. 17 species are used to care bronchitis. Mostly for treatment of respiratory diseases 13 species are recommended, which mentioned no less than in 5 books.

Cakile maritima – a Promising Plant for the Formation of Ornamental Greenery in Light Soils

2018-08-08T11:48:14+08:00

The morphological characteristics of Cakile maritima Scop., the conditions determining the intensity and distribution of these plants, and the viability of their growing in green areas, are analyzed. The research was carried out in the natural habitats of these plants, in the continental part of the Lithuanian seaside. It has been determined that Cakile maritima grow better in nitrogen-containing substrates, they are photophilous, do not tolerate competition with other plants. Cakile maritima can grow on a variety of substrates, but more favorable conditions develop in medium-fine sand. Therefore, these plants are recommended to be grown in soil with a mild granulometric composition. The decorative qualities of Cakile maritima are quite valuable: they are long time and abundantly blooming, the flowers are of different colors, bushes are usually compact or slightly deformed, rather dense, perfectly cover the ground. They are suitable for planting at larger massifs in non-fertile soils, they may be used in the compositions with other herbaceous plants.

Šakiai Parks near the Water and Guidelines for Their Development

2018-08-08T11:57:23+08:00

The article describes the projects of three parks in Šakiai, designed by landscape architects of Želdynai Company in 2017: J. Lingys Park, Šakiai Pond Coast Park and Siesartis Coastal Park. Brief history of these parks is introduced, and parks' plans are presented. The article discusses the problems that landscape architects faced regarding spatial development and planting of bushes. The guidance is provided on how to handle existing park stands and other plantations.

Rain Gardens as Green Support of Urban Stormwater Infrastructure

2018-08-08T12:06:18+08:00

In this paper the issue related to designing rain gardens in urban space has been presented. There were found and described solutions that increase water retention and infiltration by increasing the emphasis on designing and developing green infrastructure. This approach to design allows for sustainable management of rainwater and brings other benefits. In Poland, this idea becomes more popular, but these solutions are still not widely used that is showed on example of Bialystok city (Poland).

Traditional Plants of Old Lithuanian Flower Gardens in Lithuanian-Polish Border Farmsteads

2018-08-08T12:15:21+08:00

In 2017 at the Lithuanian-Polish border farmsteads were detected 95 species of traditional flower garden plants. It was detected 81 species in Lithuania and 83 in Poland. According to their growth time plants were divided into four groups: 1) plants which were grown from 15–16 centuries, 2) from 17–18 centuries, 3) from 19 century and 4) from 20 century. Although plants are being taken care in both sides of the border, bigger and richer gardens are at the Polish side. The reason for that is that old and big farmsteads still remain there. And many of traditional gardens in Lithuania were destroyed after collectivization.

The Diversity and Prevelance of Rust fungi (Uredinales) on Woody Plants in the Green Areas of Alytus and Kaunas Cities

2018-08-08T12:19:57+08:00

The article describes ornamental woody plants injured by rust fungi, growing in green areas of Lithuanian cities (Alytus, Kaunas). Based on theoretical-analytical method, the possible host plants of the spread of rust are presented (belonging to 37 genus and over 44 species). 12 genus, 14 species and 2 varieties of woody plants were injured on different grades by rust agents of 5 species, 10 genus.

Viability of the Species in the Genus Acer L. in the City Parks of the Steppe Zone of Ukraine

2018-08-08T12:25:15+08:00

The research results on the species of the genus Acer L. found in urban park plantings of the steppe zone of Ukraine are presented. The representativeness of certain species in plantations, their age and viability are determined. The study has shown that in the park plantations there are 6 species and one form of maple. The most common among them are A. negundo L., A. platanoides L. and A. campestre L. The total share of the named species in plantations is 72 % of all identified plants within the genus. Maples are mostly represented by medium-aged plants (64 %). Seventy-three percent of the total tree number in the investigated species are healthy and rated by high (6–8) viability score. The life condition of A. saccharinum L. was found to get worse from the age of 30 years; from 40 years in A. negundo L., A. platanoides L. and A. pseudoplatanus L., from 50 years in A. campestre and A. tataricum L. From this survey it was concluded that in the city parks of the steppe zone of Ukraine old trees of various species in the genus Acer require replacement for young seedlings on reaching the age of 40–50 years.

The Research of (Fraxinus L.) Genus Plants in Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University

2018-08-08T13:48:43+08:00

Article introduces an overview of the research of intruduction of ash tree genus (Fraxinus L.) plants carried out in Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University: plant diversity, introduction process, status. In 2017 in the collection of Fraxinus tree genus plants there were 16 taxa: 8 species, 2 subspecies, 6 varieties. The article presents the time and place of the acquisition of these plants. The severity of the damage of Leafhopper pest Empoasca vitis from (Cicadellidae) family and diseases of physiological origin (dry branches) is described. The most important damage for the Fraxinus genus plants in Lithuania is the increased amount of dry branches in the ash crown. The research revealed F. americana and F. excelsior and its species: 'Diversifolia Pendula', 'Variegata' and also F. nigra to have biggest number of dry branches on their crowns. Empoasca vitis has damaged F. exelsior and its species: 'Diversifolia Pendula', 'Diversifolia' and F. nigra by 0–3 grades. Ash tree in Lithuania most commonly is affected by fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (= Chalara fraxinea).

Development of an Assortment of Plants and Effective Substrates for Vertical Gardening in Urban Environment

2018-08-08T13:53:28+08:00

The article presents the results of the work on the selection of the plant assortment and assessment of the applicability of the use of substrates with the addition of a bacterial granulated fertilizer for container and vertical planting based on phytomodules of rare watering. The prospects for using different species and varieties of perennial plants, as well as the effect of using Bactoplant on the morphometric parameters of plants in container culture, are estimated.

Environmental Feasibility of Forest Reclamation of Mining Dumps of the Western Donbass

2018-08-08T14:03:01+08:00

The content of heavy metals in different structure elements from aboveground phytomass and of some tree species on the mining rock within the Steppe of Ukraine was analyzed. The investigation values of aboveground phytomass for experimental cultures on the recultivation plot were better than for those growing on the mine rock. Heavy metals accumulation by the functional parts of plants largely depended on soil or substrate contamination rate. The concentration of manganese decreased in the leaves of the trees in the reclamation site in comparison with the trees grown on the mine dump.

Solid Book Series – Descriptions of Lithuanian Parks – a New Book Is Added

2018-08-08T14:06:10+08:00

Famous country dendrologist and park specialist dr. Laimutis Januskevicius, who has been studying Lithuanian parks for many years, has written and published a number of scientific articles and scientific popularization in various publications, including the scientific journal Formation of Urban Green Areas, which published these solid books, e. g. Lithuanian parks (in 2004, 488 p., described 148 parks), Through the most beautiful parks of Lithuanian manors (in 2010, 323 p., there are 177 parks in the list), in 2017 prepared and published the third book, this time, Through the Lithuanian parks of interwar and post-war years (publishing house “Lutute” in Kaunas, 480 p., ISBN 978-9955-37-194-6). In a new book he described 143 parks.